Cognition, Memory and Perception Essay Example for Free

Cognition, Memory and Perception EssayForgetting is the inability of a person to retrieve, rec wholly or recognize instruction that was stored or distillery stored in long term store. (McLeod, S. A. 2008). In terms of short term memory, obturateting is caused by interference between past and new breeding that most youthful accounts that holding on to. In some older models, forgetting is explained using a process of passive deterioration of information. Comparing both accounts, interference seems to have a better explanation of forgetting.Secondly in terms of long term memory, forgetting occurs when sensation fails to entertain and unable to reactivated the memory circuit of given information. In general, forgetting seems to slide by in between short term and long term memory. It will occur when information is to be encoded or information is not linked to either memory circuit through interference. (What is forgetting in psychology? , 2008). However, nowadays, there at omic number 18 theories of forgetting in cognitive psychology that are still difficult to test by researches, because adept may in fact not forget, but have trouble retrieving information from ones memory storage.For examples, one forgets about an termination such as attending a lifters birthday party honourable because the individual were only remembering another make upt that is more(prenominal) important to him such as a wedding dinner. The examples of the theories of forgetting are encoding failure, spoil theory, interference theory, convalescence failure, motivated forgetting and repression. The author of this paper will divergence to critically asses on the psychological theories on why people forget. According to Freud (1901), the father of the psychoanalytic school, believed that one will forget of what threatens them.For example, experiences that express in abusing, horrifying, hurtful, stress and ego-dissatisfying will pushed sand to the unconscious. Based on th e opinion of writer on this paper, it is not necessarily that one just forgets about what threatens them but also forgets the information that does not seem important to them. This scenario is similar to the theory of encoding failure whereas the particular information in short term memory that did not wield to encode in the long term memory and the information did not enter to the memory. Besides that, encoding failure also can be way out of stress.Based on Yerkes-Dodson Law, too much stress results can cause performance to decline, sometimes sharply if cognitive or nervous breakdown is triggered. A downturn can also be caused by excessive attention to a task such that extra factors that are important get missed. Secondly, the molder theory, this theory kick ups that memory traces in the brain will fade over time through lack of use and become inaccessible. Decay theory suggest that forgetting is a psychological process and it is an idea that when a memory has a physical or che mical trace of the experience in the brain when it is position down.This traces will fade as time passes unless it is reinforced through repeated times of use. For example, when a person meets a new friend, the name of the friend is just like a trace to the brain. But when the person did not manage to meet up with that new friend for a few days, the name of the friend will slowly decay and might not recall it later. However, researchers have not shown that decay theory causes forgetting of something that is stored in the long term memory.In addition, found on the authors opinion, memory such as driving skills, riding bicycle skills and swimming skills would not decay even though after a period of time, not every memory trace will fade over time. Some studies of the hippocampus have shown a pattern of fast and then gradual decline of neutral pathways by Anderson (1995).Besides that, there are two types of the interference theory that is, proactive interference and retroactive int erference. The definition of the proactive interference is when old information interferes with the new information that cause forgetting.Example of proactive interference theory is when a person who learned many formulas in superfluous mathematics for a year and learned new sets of formulas for modern mathematics for a month and the person will interfere with the knowledge of additional mathematics while doing modern mathematics. On the other hand, retroactive interference occurs when new information learned interfere with the old information that stored in the memory. remember the names of the new students by a lecturer is an example of retroactive interference where the new students name will nterfere with the names that were previously stored. However, researches pointed out that square life interference might not occur so readily. The retrieval failure theory was proposed by (Tulving amp Thomson 1973). This theory is known as a cue dependent forgetting that explains forgettin g as inability to retrieve material due to an absence of the right cues. In order that one person to retrieve information from the long-term memory, they must depend on the type of cue or prompt which they use and this theory explained that why sometimes that one who unable to remember the material that is certain in our memory.For example, a person cannot remember doing his homework until him or her saw the workbook on the table. This proves that the workbook provide the right retrieval cue. According to Freud (1901), the retrieval of the crush memories is possible only under special circumstances using a few psychoanalytic techniques. On the other hand, there is a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT) that could foster one to retrieve forgotten memories. TOT is an example of how we well-readly search for cues that will prompt the retrieval of a specific memory.For example, a person that forgets their neighbour kisss name and only remembers the dumbbell which hangs around the nec k of the pet. By reading the word dumbbell, TOT assists the person to recall that the neighbor pets name was Dumble. Furthermore, the motivated forgetting is a case of retrieval failure referred to Freud, (1901). What it actually meant by motivated forgetting? According to Freud (1901), motivated forgetting is that we are motivated to forget the events or actions that is painful that cannot be solve in the memory by pushing it into the subconscious and actively repressing with it.In other words, these experiences are repressed in the unconscious and unable to retrieve when needed. Besides motivated forgetting causes oneself repression of memory, it is possible that one forgets is based on instructions of others and also known as the intentional forgetting or directed forgetting. Anderson, Baddeley and Eysenck (2009) stated that intentional forgetting also refers to forgetting which is initiated by a conscious goal to forget. McNally, Clancy, and Schacter (2001) also stated that loss of autobiographical memories, especially memories for unpleasant or disturbing events has used to explain the intentional forgetting.However, based on the authors opinion, motivate forgetting on the memories of pain, unpleasant, and disturbing events are unhealthy to ones body, physically and mentally. What if the capacity of the subconscious has a limit and it cannot continue to repress any more of the memory of negative events, it will causes an unwanted wardrobe and stress on the individual emotionally and move to suicide if it reaches the limit. Last but not least, theory of repression, proposed by the psychologist Sigmund Freud.Freud (1901) stated that the unpleasant memories such as sexual abuse, bullying, torture or any traumatic experience which undergoes the psychological process which automatically and unconsciously prevents emotionally distressing memories from coming into our conscious awareness. In the event or experience in the present such as watching a video, hypn osis or hearing music may triggered the repressed memories back into conscious awareness. However, he stated that, repressed memories cannot deliberately bring back unless it was triggered.The memory researches pointed out that the retrieval memories come back into awareness through ghost by the patients therapist in fact are false memories. In the nutshell, all the theories above that have discussed which are the encoding failure, decay theory, interference theory, retrieval failure, motivated forgetting and repression. Overview of this research, readers can determine that every theories of forgetting have relation between one another and it is all related to the short-term memory and long-term memory. If the short-term memory does not exist, there is no long-term memory.In the authors point of view, some of the theories that have discussed above are too narrow in scope and did not manage to cover all the factors such as emotion of a person that will lead to forgetting. In the aut hors opinion, every psychologist that is doing on the same research should investigate and plan the experiments together so that all the psychologists able to brainstorm on their findings and share their thoughts together in order to improve their theories. Besides that, I believe that, all the human being does not want to repress all those negatives events that had ever happened in their lives into their subconscious mind.This is because after repressing or suppressing those memories into the subconscious mind, it would not provide safety precautions in terms of physically and mentally to everyone. What if one day, one person those who suffer from sexual abuse and torture since childhood and triggered that memory back and do the same thing to others. This will lead to even more people suffers.